Flavonoids attenuate pro-inflammatory cytokines and reverse some M1-related metabolic changes The three flavonoids studied, especially naringenin and naringin, considerably reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α by pre-polarized M1 macrophages, and showed a trend for attenuating the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 (Fig. 4A ).
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Flavonoid-mediated immunomodulation of human macrophages involves key metabolites and metabolic pathways.
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