Hyperalgesia when observing pain-related images is a genuine bias in perception and enhances autonomic responses.

Although a similar trend of average ratings was also observed in the delayed situation (3 sec after the shocks), the difference did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 1 and Table 1 ) (P vs NP, t (2,20) = 1.8, ns; P vs NC, t (2,20) = 0.9, ns; NP vs NC, t (2,20) = −0.5, ns).

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