The estrogen effect; clinical and histopathological evidence of dichotomous influences in dogs with spontaneous mammary carcinomas.

PLoS One · 2019 · PMC6814212 · PMID 31652293

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.2300

closest p · 4.6× alpha

0.2300

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significancep = 0.23not close (p > 0.1)

The difference in primary metastasis between the 2 groups did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.23).

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borderline significanceno p-value reported

Hence, I would like to share some thoughts that may improve the presentation of data? General: I would strongly recommend the authors to not use borderline significance, unless more stringent discussion on how to interpret the data should be made.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.