Dietary Research on Coffee: Improving Adjustment for Confounding.

Level 2: partially significant The findings were categorized as partially significant where significance level for the linear trend was either not reported or was not significant ( P > 0.05) and if ≥1 of the coffee consumption categories was reported as having significantly lower mortality rates ( P < 0.05) than the lowest coffee intake (in 35 of 36 samples the lowest coffee intake was the reference group).

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There was a significant correlation of 0.53 ( P < 0.001, 1-tailed) between the year of publication and the smoking adjustment rating, indicating a significant trend for smoking adjustments to become more complex over the period 1984 to 2019.

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The third study, which reported a nonsignificant trend in Japanese men who were never smokers, did not report mortality rates for this subsample ( 76 ).

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