Exercise with food withdrawal at thermoneutrality impacts fuel use, the microbiome, AMPK phosphorylation, muscle fibers, and thyroid hormone levels in rats.

Although AMPK phosphorylation tended to increase by food withdrawal/exercise in liver with respect to chow‐fed controls, this difference did not reach statistical significance (Figure 4 b). 3.4 Serum levels of acylcarnitines and ketone bodies indicate that the combination of exercise and food withdrawal at thermoneutrality strongly increases incomplete fatty acid oxidation With respect to chow‐fed controls, both serum palmitoyl carnitine (C16) and oleoyl carnitine (C18:1) acylcarnitine levels were decreased by exercise (1.4‐fold and 1.2‐fold, respectively), unaltered by food withdrawal, and increased by exercise and food withdrawal (1.4‐fold and 1.2‐fold, respectively) (Figure 5 a).

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