Gut microbiota structure differs between honeybees in winter and summer.

Winter bees also showed a trend toward higher bacterial loads than nurses, but this difference was not statistically significant (Fig. 2a , Permutation ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test, P = 0.224). 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing yielded 70 amplicon sequence variants across the 42 samples, with a minimum of 26,993 reads per sample after quality and abundance filtering (see methods and Supplementary Table S6 for details).

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