Enhanced protection conferred by mucosal BCG vaccination associates with presence of antigen-specific lung tissue-resident PD-1⁺ KLRG1^- CD4⁺ T cells.

Both vaccinated groups had significantly lower bacterial burdens in their lungs (IN 1.1 vs ID 0.8 log 10 protection) and spleens (IN 2.3 vs ID 1.7 log 10 protection) compared to the control group, and although there was a trend towards improved protection with IN vs ID BCG, the difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.26) (Fig. 5 ).

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