The reduction of DSS-induced colitis severity in mice exposed to cigarette smoke is linked to immune modulation and microbial shifts.

However, the pro-inflammatory neutrophil chemokine keratinocyte chemoattractant and the cytokines IL-6 and G-CSF showed a trend toward reduction in mice exposed to both CS and DSS but not in mice treated with DSS without CS exposure.

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Of note, the borderline significance in weight loss and DAI (Fig. 2A,C ) became stronger when a single mouse in the CS Medium group was excluded from the statistical analysis (Supplementary Fig.

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