Cigarette and Cannabis Smoking Effects on GPR15+ Helper T Cell Levels in Peripheral Blood: Relationships with Epigenetic Biomarkers.

First, smokers had a highly significant ( p = 1.8 × 10 −10 ) increase in the peripheral CD3 + T cells expressing GPR15 (15.5% in smokers vs. 3.7% in non-smokers), and to a lesser extent B cells, and second, these GPR15 + CD3 + T cells had a markedly lower average methylation of cg19859270 than GPR15 − CD3 + T cells, resulting in the arithmetic difference in mean methylation at cg19859270 observed in whole blood.

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Both CpGs were correlated with self-reported tobacco smoking, cannabis smoking, and serum THC positivity, while serum cotinine positivity was strongly correlated with cg05575921 methylation but only showed a trend association with cg19859270, as depicted in Figure 1 and detailed in Table S1 .

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