Reframe policymaking dysfunction through bipartisan-inclusion leadership.

Empirical and observational evidence A broad analysis by Gehl and Porter ( 2017 ) finds over many years: a clear trend decline in the numbers of laws passed by Congress; a clear trend increase in the number of “salient issues” deadlocked in Congress; a sharp trend decline in the number of bipartisan conference committee reports; an increasing proportion of party-unity votes; much lower bipartisan vote support after the 1990s for “landmark legislation;” a low recent share (about a third) of legislation introduced with bipartisan cosponsors; and a declining much lower share of moderates in Congress, especially after the early 1990s.

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