Human host defense peptide LL-37 facilitates double-stranded RNA pro-inflammatory signaling through up-regulation of TLR3 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Stimulation with poly I:C (10 and 30 μg/ml) alone for 24 h tended to increase TLR3 mRNA expression, but this effect did not reach statistical significance, whereas stimulation with poly I:C (10 or 30 μg/ml) and LL-37 (1 μM) in combination elevated the TLR3 transcript by about 25 times (Fig. 6 a).

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