Cigarette smoke inhalation impairs angiogenesis in early bone healing processes and delays fracture union.

The smoking group also showed fewer microvessels than the control group after two weeks, although the results did not reach statistical significance (median 25.5 vessels per mm 3 (20.5 to 28.0) versus median 31 vessels per mm 3 (25.0 to 34.0); p = 0.118, Mann-Whitney U test).

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