Unmasking individual differences in adult reading procedures by disrupting holistic orthographic perception.

The 3-way interaction between “group” (i.e., strength of inversion sensitivity in LDT task) x presentation orientation x length remained highly significant and even stronger (t = 6.12, p < .001).

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No measure even approached significance except comprehension.

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There were also two marginally significant 3-way interactions with Group (Group x Presentation Orientation x Imageability and Group x Presentation Orientation x Biphone Frequency).

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Thus, while individual results must be regarded with caution due to the small sample size and marginal significance, they cohere together as predicted, and suggest that orientation sensitivity can be used as a marker of reading procedures and to unmask reading procedure differences in highly skilled readers.

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