The Impact of Orthography on Text Production in Three Languages: Catalan, English, and Spanish.

Comparisons by language in separate analyses showed that, in year 2 [ F (2,93) = 14.971, p < 0.001, p η 2 = 0.25], the pupils writing in Spanish made significantly fewer root level errors than pupils writing in English ( p < 0.001), or Catalan ( p < 0.001); in year 4, the difference remained significant [ F (2,92) = 4.533, p = 0.013, p η 2 = 0.09] between the Spanish and the Catalan children ( p = 0.018) but was only nearly significant between the Spanish and the English children ( p = 0.0.66); finally in year 6, only the Spanish and the English children showed significant differences [ F (2,98) = 6.181, p = 0.003, p η 2 = 0.12] ( p = 0.002 for the post-hoc contrast).

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