The anterior cingulate cortex is necessary for forming prosocial preferences from vicarious reinforcement in monkeys.

Unexpectedly, 2 of the monkeys in the ACC lesion group showed weak but reliable tendencies to give juice to the collection jar, and the third showed a nonsignificant trend in the same direction ( S2 Fig ; A1: t 19 = 3.59, p = 0.002; A2: t 19 = 3.12, p = 0.006; A3: t 19 = 2.01, p = 0.059).

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As a group, monkeys with ACC lesions showed a trend towards a reduced prosocial preference ( Fig 2A ; baseline Other-Neither = 0.13, postoperative retention Other-Neither = 0.06; t 3 = 3.43, p = 0.076).

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