Seasonal dynamics of haemosporidian (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) parasites in house sparrows Passer domesticus at four European sites: comparison between lineages and the importance of screening methods.

1 ) did not seem to differ between countries, but approached significance for sampling period and the interaction of these two variables despite its smaller sample size (GLM Chisq test: Country: P < 0.001; Sampling Period: P = 0.06; Country versus Sampling Period: P = 0.07).

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for all parasites combined) differed significantly between countries, and there was a highly significant interaction between country and sampling period, indicating that seasonality in prevalence is site-dependent (GLM Chisq tests: Country: P < 0.001; Sampling Period: P = 0.059; Country * Sampling Period: P < 0.001).

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relictum (P_SGS1 and P_GRW11) differed significantly from each other and between countries (with Spain excluded as these lineages could not be identified in mixed infections with the newly-designed primers), and almost significantly between sampling periods, but seasonality differences between countries were not detected (GLM Chisq test: Lineage: P < 0.001; Country: P < 0.001; Sampling Period: P = 0.06; Lineage versus Sampling Period: P = 0.885).

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In addition, there was a highly significant interaction between sampling period and parasite when comparing Haemoproteus and L_RECOB3 infections is Spain ( P < 0.001); and an almost significant interaction between the same variables when comparing P. relictum and L_RECOB3 ( P = 0.054); indicating that all these three lineages vary in their seasonal patterns of occurrence in Spain. 4 Discussion Our study on seasonal variation of haemosporidian parasites in resident house sparrows benefited from concurrent sampling at multiple, distant sites within the European temperate region.

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