RT had a significant effect in the scene recognition task [ t ( 58 ) = 2.209, p < 0.05, d = 0.57], with the active learning group spending more time on the task, but differences in the other three tasks did not reach statistical significance [ t ( 58 ) = −1.643, p > 0.05, d = 0.42; t ( 58 ) = 0.505, p > 0.05, d = 0.13; t ( 58 ) = −0.028, p > 0.05, d = 0.01].
2
0.0500
0.0500
The sentences
In terms of confidence ratings for each test, the effect was significant or marginally significant, with higher scores in the 2D map-assisted field navigation learning group.