Using critical slowing down indicators to understand economic growth rate variability and secular stagnation.

A significant trend (p < 0.05) in AR1 is found in approximately 60% of countries. 40% show an increasing trend, 20% show a decreasing trend (See Supplementary Material).

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40% show an increasing trend, 20% show a decreasing trend (See Supplementary Material).

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This pattern is best described as an increasing trend (+CSD) leading up to a period of instability between 1915–1950, a decline (-CSD) from 1940 leading to a period of high growth around 1960–1970.

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