Ca²⁺ entry through Na_V channels generates submillisecond axonal Ca²⁺ signaling.

Blocking both T- and L-type Ca V channels, contributing to ~27% to AP-evoked Ca 2+ at the AIS ( Figure 3 ), significantly reduced the afterdepolarization and showed a trend to reduce the afterhyperpolarization (ADP, p=0.039 and AHP, p=0.055, respectively, two-tailed paired t-tests, n = 5), without affecting other AP properties (p>0.30; Figure 9d and Table 1 ).

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