Association between metformin and neurodegenerative diseases of observational studies: systematic review and meta-analysis.

18 By contrast, a population-based study in UK demonstrated that HR of incident dementia with metformin users increased by 42% (95% CI 1.02% to 1.98%, p=0.038), and incident AD also had an increasing trend but failed to reach the statistical significance (HR 1.6 (0.87–2.93), p=0.131). 9 There were three cross-sectional studies: the first study of Japan concluded a protective effect of metformin in cognitive dysfunction (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.99). 19 The second study from the USA found that patien

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20 The latest one from Northern Ireland showed a trend toward higher cognitive dysfunction in hyperglycemia with metformin treatment (OR 1.29, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.74). 21 In all three case–control studies published so far, two studies from UK 22 and Australia, 23 respectively, had concluded that cognitive performance became worse (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.68, and OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.05 to 4.75) in the metformin intake group; the latter one also found the association was weakened after adjusting for vitamin B 12 levels (OR 1.75, 95% CI 0.81 to 3.78).

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