Atrial Tissue Pro-Fibrotic M2 Macrophage Marker CD163+, Gene Expression of Procollagen and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide.

Finally, pan‐macrophage marker CD68+ staining in a subset of the population showed a nonsignificant trend to increased levels in AF patient tissue versus controls (1.47±0.21% versus 0.94±0.18%, P =0.08) and was significantly different between AF and controls within the valvular heart disease subset (1.47±0.57% versus 0.65±0.44%, P =0.02).

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Median circulating BNP was 131 pg/mL [interquartile range 41, 282] in the AF patients and 55 pg/mL [interquartile range 21, 156] in controls, although this did not reach statistical significance.

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