A Modular Microscale Granuloma Model for Immune-Microenvironment Signaling Studies <i>in vitro</i>.

In accordance with previous models and studies ( Birkness et al., 2007 ; Lin et al., 2007 ; Martinez et al., 2013 ; Singh and Goyal, 2013 ; Polena et al., 2016 ) we observed significantly greater secretion of IL-6 ( P = 0.005) and VEGF ( P = 0.039) in our infected granuloma layers (+BCG) when compared to our control layers containing uninfected MDMs in monoculture (−BCG); further, we observed a 5–17-fold increase in TNFα secretion in 3 out of 4 independent experiments under the same conditions and a strong trend toward greater TNFα secretion ( Figure 3 and Supplementary Figure 4 ).

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