Progressive long-term spatial memory loss following repeat concussive and subconcussive brain injury in mice, associated with dorsal hippocampal neuron loss, microglial phenotype shift, and vascular abnormalities.

Other researchers have combined impact and acceleration/deceleration brain injury using the closed‐head impact model of engineered rotational acceleration (CHIMERA), repeating the injury on a daily basis for 2 days (Cheng et al., 2019 ) or for 3 days (Chen et al., 2017 ), and found a nearly significant spatial memory impairment in Barnes maze at 8 months and a significant impairment in Morris water maze at 6 months, respectively, neither of which were progressive.

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