Neurobiology of bipolar disorders: a review of genetic components, signaling pathways, biochemical changes, and neuroimaging findings.

149 , 150 However, mixed results regarding two of the primary antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), have been reported in BD, followed by a meta-analysis that did not reach statistical significance for the comparison of GPx and SOD activity levels in individuals with BD vs. controls. 149 Conversely, a recent study by Das et al. 151 showed that, although glutathione levels did not differ in BD and controls, there was a positive, BD-specific correlation between lactate and glutathione levels, indicating a physiological association between the antioxidant system and mitochondrial dysfunction.

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Thus, specific circadian genes may be significant in a particular BD subgroup (early onset).

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