An exploratory non-randomized study of a 3-month electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) intervention with people accessing a homeless supported temporary accommodation service (STA) in Ireland.

However, there may be significant harms associated with ENDS devices in particular cases [ 12 ] for example people who are allergic [ 15 ] or those with pre-existing lung conditions as found in this study.

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This was biochemically validated (with reductions in CO ppm), but these reductions did not reach statistical significance due to the low sample size and potentially due to secondhand exposure to tobacco smoke in shared spaces (many participants shared a room with one or more smokers).

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