Bardoxolone Methyl Displays Detrimental Effects on Endothelial Bioenergetics, Suppresses Endothelial ET-1 Release, and Increases Endothelial Permeability in Human Microvascular Endothelium.

As shown in Figure 4 , among all three Nrf2 activators, bardoxolone methyl exerted the most pronounced actions: it significantly increased proton leakage in a concentration-dependent manner (0.5–5 μ M), decreased spare respiratory capacity (3–5 μ M), and showed a tendency to decrease ATP production that, however, did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 4(a) ).

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