PD-L1 chimeric costimulatory receptor improves the efficacy of CAR-T cells for PD-L1-positive solid tumors and reduces toxicity in vivo.

Additionally, the production of IFN-γ was higher in dual-targeted CAR-CD4+ T cells activated by CD19 + PD-L1 + K562/A549 cells than that in CD19 + K562/A549 cells, though the difference did not reach statistical significance (Fig. 2d ).

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