Root anatomical gradients and cultivar differences underlie variation in root hydraulic properties in German winter wheat.

Both traits showed highly significant differences among root positions ( p < 0.001; Fig. 5A–B , Table 1 ).

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A clear trend with cultivar year of release was also observed, with modern cultivars showing smaller tissue dimensions and fewer metaxylem vessels, together indicating a coordinated shift in anatomical investment that contributed to lower radial and axial conductance.

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