Altered blood-based biomarkers in carpal tunnel syndrome. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Although blood levels of TGF-β1 did not reach statistical significance, probably due to the indirect nature of blood analyses, these markers mediate fibrotic thickening ( Chikenji et al., 2014 ; Ettema et al., 2004 ; Gingery et al., 2014 ; Saito et al., 2017 ) and might have potential as therapeutic targets in CTS since local inhibition of TGF-β1 and VEGF receptors in SSCT fibroblasts has shown promise in attenuating profibrotic signaling ( Yamanaka et al., 2018 ).

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