Effects of physiological changes and social life events on adrenal glucocorticoid activity in female zoo-housed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).

In two females that were contracepted to resolve uterine pathologies, mean cortisol concentrations were lower during the contracepted state compared to cycling, trending toward significance for serum (F5NZ: GLMM coefficient = -0.069, SE = 0.039, χ 2 = 3.145, df = 1, p = 0.076; F7NZ: GLMM coefficient = -0.034, SE = 0.017, χ 2 = 3.790, df = 1, p = 0.052), but not for urine (F5NZ: GLMM coefficient = -0.040, SE = 0.049, χ 2 = 0.687, df = 1, p = 0.407).

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However, visual inspection showed a trend towards higher rates of change in the follicular phase in the younger females versus higher rates in the luteal phase in the older females.

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