Evidence on physical activity and osteoporosis prevention for people aged 65+ years: a systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour.

Similar results were found for lumbar spine BMD, where the difference in effects did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.373), but higher dose interventions had a moderate effect (standardised effect 0.33, 95% CI − 0.08 to 0.73) whereas lower dose interventions had a small effect (standardised effect 0.14, 95% CI − 0.02 to 0.30), although neither sub-group effect was statistically significant.

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Meta-analysis findings did not quite reach significance for programs including multiple exercise types for femoral neck BMD (standardised effect size 0.20, 95% CI − 0.01 to 0.41, n = 5 trials, Fig. 3 ).

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