Genetic gain for rice yield in rainfed environments in India.

3.3 Analysis of head-to-head trials The varietal differences were non-significant (p < 0.05) in WS2017 and significant in WS2018 in lowland trials while it was highly significant in both years in the shallow and medium lowland trials based on model 3 (Supplementary Table S2).

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Our results show a positive trend in grain yield with an annual genetic yield increase of about 0.68 % under irrigated control, 0.87 % under moderate reproductive stage drought stress and 1.9 % under severe reproductive stage drought stress due to breeding efforts.

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Under severe stress, a negative trend was found with a yield decrease of 0.021 t/ha (CI: -0.083, 0.051) ( Table 4 ).

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