near-significantp = 0.086
Group-level effects We first examined the effects of heat level on 2-back performance and found a near-significant difference in performance between the Warm ( M = 0.86, SD = 0.07) and Pain ( M = 0.84, SD = 0.07) conditions, t (40) = 1.76, p = 0.086, Cohen’s d = 0.28 (see Fig. 2 a).