Assessing the evolution of wheat grain traits during the last 166 years using archived samples.

Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ 13 C) The results of carbon isotope discrimination calculated from 1850 to 2016 did not show a clear trend during this period (Fig. 2 A).

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Highly significant effects of [CO 2 ] and temperature on wheat yield were also observed (Table 6 ).

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Soluble sugars concentrations Sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations of global samples showed an increasing trend since 1975 (Fig. 4 A).

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