Impact of outdoor nature-related activities on gut microbiota, fecal serotonin, and perceived stress in preschool children: the Play&Grow randomized controlled trial.

It was also found to have an increasing trend of association with sleep frequency (Jonckheere-Terpstra test: JT = 832, p value < 0.01), and have a decreasing trend with anger frequency (Jonckheere-Terpstra test: JT = 475.5, p value = 0.01) (Fig. 2 f–g).

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Although statistically not significant, there was a negative trend of correlation between fecal serotonin level and Shannon diversity index of Bacteroidetes ( p = 0.07, ρ = −0.21) and Chao1 richness index of Firmicutes ( p = 0.09, ρ = −0.19), but a positive correlation with Proteobacteria richness ( p = 0.06, ρ = 0.22) (Supplementary Fig. 5 ).

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Fecal serotonin & improvement of psychosocial behaviour A stable level of fecal serotonin was observed in the IG while a decreasing trend was found in the CG ( p = 0.07, 249.36–220.60 pg/mg of feces) (Fig. 2 a).

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Another possibly significant link between gut microbiota and behaviours is serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which is involved in the modulation of a variety of physiological and psychological processes 13 , 14 .

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