Mucosal IL-4R antagonist HIV vaccination with SOSIP-gp140 booster can induce high-quality cytotoxic CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells and humoral responses in macaques.

However, IL-4R antagonist vaccine showed a trend where much a greater Gag-specific CD4 + T cells expressing IFN-γ, IL-2, and CD107a (Fig. 3 c), and CD8 + T cells expressing IL-2 were detected compared to the control (Fig. 3 d).

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