Highly Efficient, Environmentally Friendly Lignin-Based Flame Retardant Used in Epoxy Resin.

From A through D in Figure 7 , a clear trend was observed: the charring layer becomes larger and more extended, which explains the differences in flame-retardant properties for the four composites.

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The degree of graphitization of the charring layer has an increasing trend, following the order of lignin modification presented previously, as shown in Figure 8 .

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THR follows a decreasing trend from Lig-P/EP to Lig-M/EP and to Lig-F/EP.

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