Ambient air pollution, lung function and COPD: cross-sectional analysis from the WHO Study of AGEing and adult health wave 1.

Participants from lower-income households had mean FEV 1 levels three-to-five times lower than higher-income participants (all p<0.001); individuals with a history of asthma showed FEV 1 levels lower than those with no previous history of asthma, per unit increase in PM 10 , PM 2.5 or NO 2 , although the later findings did not reach statistical significance.

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