When do the expectations of others matter? Experimental evidence on distributional justice and guilt aversion.

A positive and significant impact is also observed for higher expectations, even though the effect is only marginally significant and much smaller than that estimated for the measure of relative performance. 27 Model 2 shows that the two measures taken into account register a significant negative interaction: the effect of optimistic expectations is weaker when merit is salient. 28 Thus, the evidence runs against our Hypothesis 3 , similar to Study 1.

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