International Prevalence and Correlates of Psychological Stress during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic.

Adults over 75 years showed lower perceived stress (b = −7.13 p = 0.05, [95% CI −14.29 to −0.03]), females showed more stress than males (b = 3.17, p < 0.000 [95% CI 2.19 to 4.16]), as did some college/no degree (b = 3.25, p < 0.05, [95% CI 0.02 to 6.48]) and four-year degree holders (b = 3.28, p < 0.05, [95% CI 0.18 to 6.38]); doctoral degree holders showed a trend for more stress (b = 2.74, p < 0.01, [95% CI −0.44 to 5.92]) as did students (b = 1.82, p < 0.01, [95% CI −0.15 to 3.79]).

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Compared to normative PSS-10 data, our means showed an overall trend of higher averages in the country-level analyses we report (e.g., Germany and Mexico; we were unable to find pre-pandemic PSS-10 data for Pakistan) [ 12 , 47 , 52 , 53 ].

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