Response shift in health-related quality of life measures in the presence of formative indicators.

As shown in Table 4 , the baseline model fit well with the data (RMSEA = 0.04, CFI = 0.99), but when invariance constraints were imposed on the factor loadings, intercepts and residual variances relative to the FA and PA indicators, the magnitude of worsening in fit was quite significant (Δχ 2 (7) = 14.45, p = 0.044).

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