The results showed that the combination of ultra-low levels of LPS and SARS-CoV-2 S protein yielded significant boosting of TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) at both time points analyzed (8 and 24 h), whereas the observed increases of IL-1β and IL-10 did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 3D ; Supplementary Table S1 ).
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SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and boosts proinflammatory activity.
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