Do parenting practices moderate the association between the physical neighbourhood environment and changes in children's time spent at various physical activity levels? An exploratory longitudinal study.

Although most subgroup effects did not reach statistical significance, the positive associations of the physical environment (e.g., sports facilities, walkability, cyclability and number of playgrounds) with change in children’s time spent at certain PA levels were, quite consistently, stronger when their parents had favourable parenting practices (e.g., higher scores on coactivities and modelling), while unfavourable parenting practices (i.e. lower scores on the parenting practices) weakened positive neighbourhood effects (shorter green bars in Figs. 1 , 2 and 3 ), or even resulted in counterproductive effects (red bars in Figs. 1 , 2 and 3 ).

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