Neural network involving medial orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal periaqueductal gray regulation in human alcohol abuse.

We then checked for possible associations between the identified tbFC and rsFC and the other substance use/psychiatric symptoms, and we found the following results: at age 14, neither task-based mOFC-CeA FC nor task-based mOFC-dPAG FC was found to be strongly associated with other substance use and psychiatric symptoms (i.e., all P uncorrected > 0.05; equivalence tests for null effects: P max = 0.005 for r L = −0.10 and P max = 0.003 for r U = 0.10; table S7, B and C); at age 19, the tbFC of mOFC-dPAG showed nominally significant association with cannabis use ( r = −0.06, n = 1193, t = −2.04, and P uncorrected = 0.042) and smoking ( r = −0.07, n = 1193, t = −2.28, and P uncorrected = 0.023) (table S7D).

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While many of the findings are highly significant, the amount of variance accounted for is inevitably small, indicating that many other factors, other than, for example, impulsivity and reductions in regulatory control over aversive processing, likely contribute to drinking in this population ( 29 ).

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