Ingestion of probiotic (Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum) alters intestinal microbial structure and behavioral expression following social defeat stress.

Following repeated defeats, no significant differences in avoidance behavior between treatment groups were observed; however, there was a strong trend for hamsters treated with the low dose of the probiotic to spend significantly more time avoiding a caged opponent compared to placebo-treated hamsters ( p = 0.055) (Fig. 1 b).

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