Interestingly, the presence of fructose does not result in a global increase in serum inflammatory markers, as while levels of CXCL5 were elevated in the presence of fructose, this did not reach statistical significance and there was no change in CXCL1 and CCL11 (Supplementary Fig. 6C–E ).
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Fructose reprogrammes glutamine-dependent oxidative metabolism to support LPS-induced inflammation.
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Strikingly, serum IL-1β levels were significantly increased in mice exposed to fructose, and an increasing trend of IL-6 and TNF was observed (Fig. 7I ).