Maternal Metabolome in Pregnancy and Childhood Asthma or Recurrent Wheeze in the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial.

Trigonelline ( N ′-methylnicotinate), which has been suggested as a biomarker of coffee consumption [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], was significant in the third trimester, and borderline significant at baseline ( Figure 1 , Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 ).

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Two other coffee metabolites [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ] that were inversely associated with risk in the baseline samples, caffeine and theophylline were approaching significance in the third trimester.

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