License to kill: microsatellite instability and immune contexture.

1–6 This led to the powerful concept of cancer immune contexture 1 , 2 and to the development of an assay to measure the antitumor immune response, the “Immunoscore.” 3–9 It is a standardized consensus scoring-system based on densities of two lymphocyte populations (CD3, CD8) infiltrating the tumor and invasive margin with a highly significant prognostic value in CRC.

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There is a clear trend for tumors with a pre-inflamed environment rich in CD8 + T-cells and in PD-L1+ cells to respond better to anti-PD-1 treatment.

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