Experimental infection with the hookworm, Necator americanus, is associated with stable gut microbial diversity in human volunteers with relapsing multiple sclerosis.

Another study conducted in a cohort of human volunteers with coeliac disease (CeD) experimentally infected with the hookworm of the small intestine, Necator americanus , reported increases in gut bacterial richness (observed in both faecal samples and biopsy tissues) that followed parasite colonisation and subsequent challenge with increasing doses of gluten [ 4 , 5 , 9 ]; whilst the detected differences did not reach statistical significance (likely due to sample size limitations), the increased gluten tolerance observed in infected CeD volunteers was postulated to result from the anti-inflammatory properties of N. americanus partly via the restoration of microbial and immune homeostasis [ 5 , 9 ].

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