Blood-brain barrier disruption and ventricular enlargement are the earliest neuropathological changes in rats with repeated sub-concussive impacts over 2 weeks.

In rats that received 2-week sub-concussion, the mean plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory chemokine, CXCL1 showed approximately 100% reduction compared to the Sham group rats, although it did not reach statistical significance at p < 0.05 (Fig. 4 ).

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